People in the United States with “green cards” are officially called “lawful permanent residents” (LPRs). These are non-U.S. citizens who can lawfully live and work permanently in the United States.
Holders of green cards can work in the country without restrictions, own property, receive financial assistance at public institutions of education, and even sign up to serve in the American military.
Green card holders can also apply for U.S. citizenship—in some cases in as soon as three years—granting them privileges such as a U.S. passport, the right to vote, and the ability to seek federal jobs, and many more.
The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) establishes various classes of admission for foreigners seeking legal permanent residence in the United States. Admission categories can be based on family reunification, on economic or humanitarian reasons, or on diversification of the immigrant community in the country. This last category is for immigrants from countries with low levels of immigration to the United States and persons wishing to immigrate to the U.S. through this category are selected in an annual lottery, the Diversity Visa Program, for which you can apply now.
Because of difficulties created by the Covid-19 pandemic, the numbers of green cards awarded in 2020 and 2021 were lower than in previous years. As the impacts of Covid-19 subsided in 2022, the number of green cards granted returned, in 2022, to over one million, a level more consistent with historical yearly totals. The number of new legal permanent residents in 2023 was 1,172,910.
New Green Card Holders (LPRs) 2018-2023
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
| New Legal Permanent Residents |
1,096,610 |
1,031,770 | 707,360 | 740,000 | 1,018,350 | 1,172,910 |
Among the many categories of admission under which new legal permanent residents are allowed into the country, exists the Diversity Visa category of admission.
Winners of the yearly DV Lottery program are granted legal permanent residence (a “green card”) for themselves and their direct family and are counted under the Diversity category.
In 2020 and 2021, the number of diversity visas issued was dramatically less than the roughly 50,000 available annually. This scenario was created by the suspension of certain immigration-related government services and the partial travel ban imposed in response to the Covid-19 pandemic.
As government and immigration services returned online with the decline in Covid-19 restrictions in 2022, the number of diversity visas issued returned to its historically normal level. In 2023 over 67,350 DV visas were issued.
Following are figures for the number of immigrants who obtained their green cards (legal permanent residence status) through the Diversity Visa Program.
LPRs by Diversity Visa (DV) Class of Admission 2018-2023
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
| Total admissions | 1,096,610 | 1,031,770 | 707,360 | 740,000 | 1,018,350 | 1,172,910 |
| DV category admissions | 45,350 | 43,460 | 25,030 | 15,160 | 43,230 | 67,350 |
| Percent DV admissions | 4.1% | 4.2% | 3.5% | 2.0% | 4.2% | 4.2% |
According to the latest data available from the U.S. Office of Immigration Statistics, there were 12.7 million legal permanent residents (green card holders) living in the United States as of January 1, 2023. This number is slightly lower than the previous year’s 12.9 million green card holders.
Of the 12.7 million green card holders in 2023, approximately 9.0 million qualified to become U.S. citizens, or eligible to “naturalize.” They qualified based on requirements for age and length of residency in the U.S. as legal permanent residents.
Total Green Card Holders (LPRs) 2018-2023
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
| Total LPRs (non-U.S. citizens) | 13,410,000 | 13,460,000 | 13,350,000 | 13,110,000 | 12,880,000 | 12,680,000 |
| Total eligible to become U.S. citizens | 8,950,000 | 9,000,000 | 8,940,000 | 9,210,000 | 9,240,000 | 9,040,000 |
Remember that these figures are for immigrants in the U.S. who are green card holders but have not yet become U.S. citizens.
Green card holders in the U.S. can eventually request to become U.S. citizens, which grants them the right to vote and to obtain an American passport. This process is formally called “naturalization.”
Applying for naturalization can be a simple process. There are basic requirements that the person must satisfy for the request (or petition) for naturalization to be approved. These include things like being a minimum of 18 years old, having been a lawful permanent resident (green card holder) for 3 or 5 years (depending on the immigration category), and having been a resident in the U.S. continuously over that period.
The process begins with the completion of an online application with questions related to the applicant and their direct family. After the application is reviewed and approved by an immigration officer, the candidate is invited to an in-person interview in as soon as six months. The interview includes questions about the applicant’s background and some questions about general American culture and history (the answers which are provided ahead of time for the applicant to memorize). Once the interview is passed, the candidate is asked to swear loyalty to the American Constitution and flag, and the candidate receives a “Certificate of Naturalization,” which is the document needed to apply for a U.S. passport and the confirmation that the candidate has passed from being a legal permanent resident to an American citizen.
Below are recent statistics for naturalization requests and approvals.
Petitions for Naturalization and Persons Naturalized 2018-2022
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
| Petitions | 837,168 | 830,560 | 967,755 | 789,119 | 781,075 |
| Naturalizations | 761,901 | 843,593 | 628,254 | 813,861 | 969,380 |
The total population of green card holders in the United States come from diverse backgrounds and many countries. In 2024, the top countries in which LPRs were born are Mexico, China, and India.
Here are the Top 10 countries of birth for immigrants holding legal permanent residence status in 2024:
LPRs by Country of Birth 2020-2024
| 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
| Mexico | 3,060,000 | 3,010,000 | 2,970,000 | 2,910,000 | 2,920,000 |
| China | 830,000 | 820,000 | 830,000 | 820,000 | 830,000 |
| India | 550,000 | 550,000 | 580,000 | 630,000 | 630,000 |
| Dominican Republic | 570,000 | 560,000 | 550,000 | 580,000 | 600,000 |
| Cuba | 550,000 | 530,000 | 500,000 | 500,000 | 550,000 |
| Philippines | 560,000 | 540,000 | 510,000 | 490,000 | 490,000 |
| Vietnam | 380,000 | 370,000 | 360,000 | 340,000 | 340,000 |
| El Salvador | 320,000 | 320,000 | 320,000 | 330,000 | 330,000 |
| South Korea | 280,000 | 280,000 | 270,000 | 270,000 | 270,000 |
| Canada | 280,000 | 280,000 | 270,000 | 260,000 | 260,000 |
Green card holders in the United States were primarily born in North America (Mexico, in particular) and in Asia. These two are the regions of the world having the highest numbers of LPRs in the U.S.
The table below provides a breakdown for all geographical regions.
LPRs by Region of Birth 2020-2024
| 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
| Asia | 4,240,000 | 4,160,000 | 4,100,000 | 4,090,000 | 4,100,000 |
| Europe | 1,470,000 | 1,440,000 | 1,410,000 | 1,340,000 | 1,320,000 |
| North America | 5,800,000 | 5,690,000 | 5,590,000 | 5,550,000 | 5,630,000 |
| South America | 850,000 | 850,000 | 840,000 | 850,000 | 880,000 |
| Other and Unknown | 990,000 | 970,000 | 940,000 | 920,000 | 910,000 |
Among all green card holders in 2024, those who were eligible to become U.S. citizens were born in almost every country of the world. But Mexico remains the #1 birth country (not surprising given that country’s extensive shared border with Texas, Arizona, California, and New Mexico). It is followed by China, the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and the Philippines.
Here are statistics for the Top 10 countries of birth for those legal permanent residents who were able to request U.S. citizenship in 2024.
LPRs Eligible to Naturalize 2020-2024
| 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
| Mexico | 2,420,000 | 2,450,000 | 2,470,000 | 2,380,000 | 2,320,000 |
| China | 500,000 | 540,000 | 490,000 | 550,000 | 560,000 |
| Dominican Republic | 340,000 | 360,000 | 330,000 | 390,000 | 390,000 |
| Cuba | 360,000 | 390,000 | 340,000 | 390,000 | 370,000 |
| Philippines | 360,000 | 370,000 | 360,000 | 340,000 | 330,000 |
| India | 290,000 | 310,000 | 300,000 | 280,000 | 270,000 |
| El Salvador | 220,000 | 220,000 | 220,000 | 220,000 | 220,000 |
| Vietnam | 220,000 | 230,000 | 220,000 | 220,000 | 210,000 |
| Canada | 240,000 | 230,000 | 240,000 | 220,000 | 210,000 |
| South Korea | 200,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 | 200,000 |
As is the case with the total number of LPRs in the United States, the regions of birth with the largest numbers of LPRs in the U.S. who are eligible to apply for citizenship are North America (primarily Mexico) and Asia.
Here is the breakout by world region.
LPRs Eligible to Naturalize by Region of Birth 2020-2024
| 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |
| Asia | 2,530,000 | 2,630,000 | 2,660,000 | 2,530,000 | 2,480,000 |
| Europe | 1,110,000 | 1,120,000 | 1,100,000 | 1,020,000 | 1,000,000 |
| North America | 4,260,000 | 4,370,000 | 4,390,000 | 4,280,000 | 4,190,000 |
| South America | 530,000 | 550,000 | 540,000 | 530,000 | 510,000 |
| Other and Unknown | 510,000 | 540,000 | 550,000 | 520,000 | 500,000 |
Mexico, Cuba, and India are the Top 3 countries in which most new U.S. citizens were born in recent years. The following table shows numbers of new citizens from the Top 10 birth countries.
Persons Naturalized by Country of Birth 2018-2023
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
| Mexico | 161,860 | 156,050 | 100,330 | 107,230 | 138,770 | 180,530 |
| Cuba | 76,490 | 41,640 | 16,370 | 23,080 | 36,640 | 81,600 |
| India | 59,820 | 54,500 | 46,360 | 93,450 | 127,010 | 78,070 |
| Dominican Republic | 57,410 | 49,910 | 30,010 | 24,550 | 40,150 | 68,870 |
| China | 65,210 | 62,250 | 41,480 | 49,850 | 67,950 | 59,260 |
| Philippines | 47,260 | 45,920 | 25,490 | 27,510 | 36,000 | 49,200 |
| Vietnam | 33,830 | 39,710 | 30,000 | 16,310 | 24,430 | 36,000 |
| Afghanistan | 12,940 | 10,140 | 11,410 | 9,490 | 14,190 | 30,300 |
| Brazil | 15,390 | 19,830 | 16,750 | 18,350 | 24,170 | 28,880 |
| El Salvador | 28,330 | 27,660 | 17,910 | 18,670 | 30,880 | 26,210 |
In terms of legal permanent residents who have successfully become U.S. citizens, North America is currently the region of birth with the most naturalized citizens, followed by Asia, then South America.
Persons Naturalized by Region of Birth 2018-2023
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | |
| Africa | 115,740 | 111,190 | 76,650 | 66,210 | 89,570 | 105,520 |
| Asia | 397,190 | 364,760 | 272,600 | 295,310 | 414,950 | 418,930 |
| Europe | 80,020 | 87,600 | 68,990 | 61,520 | 75,610 | 80,280 |
| North America | 418,990 | 370,860 | 222,270 | 240,440 | 332,670 | 450,310 |
| Oceania | 4,650 | 5,360 | 4,000 | 4,150 | 5,130 | 5,000 |
| South America | 78,870 | 90,850 | 62,220 | 71,370 | 99,030 | 112,130 |
| Other and Unknown | 1,150 | 1,140 | 630 | 1,010 | 1,390 | 730 |
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